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domingo, 23 de enero de 2011

CONCEPTO, CARACTERÍSTICAS, CLASIFICACIÓN Y FUNCIONES DE LA EMPRESA


CONCEPTO DE EMPRESA


La empresa es una organización relacionada con la sociedad, se encarga de realizar actividades utilizando recursos (financieros, materiales, tecnológicos y humanos) para lograr sus objetivos, tales como satisfacer  metas con finalidad de lucro o sin lucrar; que se construye mediante conversaciones entre personas que conforman la empresa.




CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA EMPRESA
·         Es un conjunto de factores de producción: Factores comerciales y factores financieros.

·        Toda empresa tiene sus objetivos.

·        Los factores están coordinados.

·      Ésta coordinación da pie a un factor de administración o dirección.





CLASIFICACIÓN DE LAS EMPRESAS

Las empresas se pueden clasificar en diferentes tipos ya que depende el aspecto al cual nos estamos refiriendo. A continuación se presentan los tipos de empresas según sus ámbitos y producción:


Según la actividad o giro
Las empresas pueden clasificarse, de acuerdo con la actividad que desarrollen, en:
§     Empresas del sector primario.
§     Empresas del sector secundario
§     Empresas del sector terciario.

Una clasificación alternativa es:
§     Industriales. Su actividad engloba la producción de bienes mediante la transformación de la materia o extracción de materias primas. Las industrias, a su vez, se clasifican en:
Extractivas: Explotación de recursos naturales, ya sea renovables o no renovables. Ejemplos: Las pesqueras, madereras, mineras, petroleras, etc.
Manufactureras: Transforman la materia prima en productos terminados, y pueden ser:
  De consumo final. Producen bienes que satisfacen de manera directa las necesidades del consumidor. Por ejemplo: prendas de vestir, muebles, alimentos, aparatos eléctricos, etc.
 De producción. Estas satisfacen a las de consumo final. Ejemplo: maquinaria ligera, productos químicos, etc.
§     Comerciales. Son intermediarias entre productor y consumidor; su función primordial es la compra/venta de productos terminados. Pueden clasificarse en:
Mayoristas: Venden a gran escala o a grandes rasgos.
Minoristas (detallistas): Venden al menudeo.
Comisionistas: Venden de lo que no es suyo, dan a consignación.
§     Servicio. Son aquellas que brindan servicio a la comunidad que a su vez se clasifican en:
Transporte
Turismo
Instituciones financieras
Servicios públicos (energía, agua, comunicaciones)
Servicios privados (asesoría, ventas, publicidad, contable, administrativo)
Educación
Finanzas
Salubridad.

Según la procedencia de capital
§     Empresa privada: Si el capital está en manos de accionistas particulares (empresa familiar si es la familia)
§     Empresa de autogestión: Si los propietarios son los trabajadores, etc.
§     Empresa pública: Si el capital y el control está en manos del Estado
§     Empresa mixta: Si el capital o el control son de origen tanto estatal como privado o comunitario.


Según la forma jurídica
Atendiendo a la titularidad de la empresa y la responsabilidad legal de sus propietarios. Podemos distinguir:
§     Empresas individuales: Es la forma más sencilla de establecer un negocio y suelen ser empresas pequeñas o de carácter familiar.
§     Empresas societarias o sociedades: constituidas por varias personas.
§     Las cooperativas u otras organizaciones de economía social.


Según su dimensión
Los principales indicadores son: el volumen de ventas, el capital propio, número de trabajadores, beneficios, etc. El más utilizado suele ser según el número de trabajadores. Este criterio delimita la magnitud de las empresas de la forma mostrada a continuación:
§     Micro empresa: si posee 10 o menos trabajadores.
§     Pequeña empresa: si tiene un número entre 11 y 50 trabajadores.
§     Mediana empresa: si tiene un número entre 51 y 250 trabajadores.
§     Gran empresa: si posee más de 250 trabajadores.
§     Multinacional: si posee ventas internacionales.


Según su ámbito de actuación
En función del ámbito geográfico en el que las empresas realizan su actividad, se pueden distinguir
1.                 Empresas locales.
2.                 Regionales.
3.                 Nacionales.
4.                 Multinacionales.
5.                 Transnacionales.
6.                 Mundial.


Según la cuota de mercado que poseen las empresas
Empresa aspirante: Aquélla cuya estrategia va dirigida a ampliar su cuota frente al líder y demás empresas competidoras.

Empresa especialista: Aquélla que responde a necesidades muy concretas, dentro de un segmento de mercado.

Empresa líder: Aquélla que marca la pauta en cuanto a precio, innovaciones, publicidad, etc.

Empresa seguidora: Aquélla que no dispone de una cuota suficientemente grande como para inquietar a la empresa líder.





FUNCIONES DE LA EMPRESA

Función de dirección
Proceso por  el cual una o varias personas tratan de lograr los objetivos que la organización se ha marcado. Quienes se encargan de las tareas directivas en la empresa disponen de todos los recursos, tanto humanos como técnicos y financieros, que ésta tenga, con el fin de coordinarlos. Las tareas propias de la dirección son la planificación, la organización, la coordinación y el control.


Función productiva
Esta función es conocida también como función técnica. Incluye todo el conjunto de actividades a través de las cuales la empresa crea los productos o presta los servicios que son el objeto de su actividad. 


Función financiera
La función financiera se ocupa de conseguir los recursos financieros necesarios para que la actividad empresarial  pueda desarrollarse. 


Gestión de los recursos humanos 
La actividad humana es un elemento del que no se puede prescindir en el mundo de la empresa. Ya hemos visto cómo el trabajo de los seres humanos ha sido considerado siempre como un factor de producción básico. El interés de las empresas por sus trabajadores ha ido evolucionando a lo largo de la historia. En la actualidad, numerosas  organizaciones empresariales consideran a sus trabajadores como la base de su éxito, por lo que en muchas de ellas se han creado los departamentos de Recursos Humanos.

Estos departamentos asumen la gestión del personal encargándose de un conjunto de actividades, entre las que destacamos  las siguientes:

- La selección.
- Contratación.
- La formación del personal.
- Ascensos.
- El trabajo de motivación.


Función comercial
La función comercial engloba un amplio grupo de actividades, que podemos dividir en dos:
- Las actividades de venta del producto o servicio que se realiza.
- Las actividades de compra de los materiales necesarios para la producción del bien o servicio en cuestión.


Función administrativa 
La función de administración se encarga de controlar toda la documentación de la empresa. Es una función importante que también engloba un conjunto amplio de actividades que suelen desarrollarse dentro del campo de la gestión de documentación y de los trámites burocráticos.



                    





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